"Electrical Neuromodulation – Past, Present, and Future Directions," by Bradley H. Due, MD, Resident, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Muhammad A. Farooq Anwar, MD, MBA, Fellow; and Kevin Vorenkamp, MD, FASA, Associate Professor; both of the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. From ASRA Pain Medicine News, August 2022. See original article at www.asra.com/asra-news for figures and references. This material is copyrighted.